The complexity of purchase may lead you to rely on a salesperson. Government bonds are purchased from brokers, banks, and directly from the federal government. Buying from brokers and banks can bring up issues of trust. Whereas you may have a great degree of confidence that government bonds are secure and the tax consequences predictable, you may not trust that the product you are being sold benefits you as much as it benefits the salesperson. Buying treasuries directly from the federal government might also create fear. You may believe that with a salesperson holding your hand, you would find a better product at a better price.

Government notes and bonds are often sold in bundles as managed mutual funds, unmanaged index funds and trusts, or as closed-end mutual funds. Here the issues get more complex. Built-in resentment and regret are inevitable. Fees and commissions must be paid to mutual fund managers, brokers, and closed-end fund managers. These funds rarely do better than notes and bonds bought by an individual and held to maturity. It is easy to regret the fees paid for poorly performed services. Yet some savers feel the need to use professionals to pick bonds for them. They would have free-floating fear and worry if they were to construct a portfolio of bonds on their own. You must ask yourself how you are likely to react.

The range of emotion from government notes and bonds is similar to that for short-term securities. While many may be asking why corporate notes and bonds are not included here, the answer is simple. Corporate debt is risky. Only investors and speculators should consider it. U.S. government notes and bonds are for savers whose primary concern is the return of their principal and whose secondary concern is the receipt of interest. There is a
real possibility of losing some principal with corporate debt.

Before purchasing treasuries, you will be exposed to complexity. The possibilities in government bonds are great. You can invest for one year or 29 years or any period in between. Certain bonds, such as Series EE, H, and I have tax advantages. Interest rates differ for every maturity and every type of bond. For most notes and bonds, the principal value is fixed.

For inflation-indexed treasuries, known as TIPs, the principal value increases every year we experience inflation. The principal value of I bonds also adjusts with inflation. However, even though the principal value of most bonds or notes is fixed, bonds sell at prices higher or lower than the principal value, depending on the current level of interest rates and the supply and demand of similar bonds and notes. The mathematics of computing the proper price for a note or bond is complex.

During ownership, some savers also experience a sense of regret. High inflation in the 1970s reduced the purchasing power of savings and was not compensated for by interest paid. When real estate was hot in the early 1980s, savers regretted they were not participating. The stock bubble of the late 1990s also led to regrets and jealousy. However, savers who hold out experience a sense of satisfaction when bubbles burst and speculators scramble to place their remaining funds in savings instruments.

When CDs mature and must be rolled over, savers experience a mixed set of emotions. Higher interest rates can lead to joy unless inflation has risen such that purchasing power will be lost. Lower rates can lead to regret that a long-term investment was not made.

Liquidating savings often triggers many emotions. A source of security is dying. When savings must be substantially liquidated, a grieving process begins. The saver may experience a wide range of emotions including sadness, regret, anger, resentment, helplessness, confusion, and free-floating fear. Generally, the cause of liquidation will compound the emotional mix. A divorce often requires a non-working spouse to both watch her savings dwindle as she reenters the work force and grieves the loss of her marriage.

The biggest issues with money market funds involve impulse buying of stuff you do not need and becoming a target for sales pitches from the sales force that sold you the money market fund. Money market funds can be tapped with checks, credit cards, and online transfers. Impulse buyers may want to avoid the opportunity to make quick purchases. Some brokers who are slightly unscrupulous tell money market fund owners that they should “put their money to work” and that “cash is trash.” Lured by potentially higher returns in stocks and other high-commission, high-spread investments, money market funds are easily and quickly converted. With CDs, you lose your interest if you liquidate before the term. Savings accounts often require several steps to convert into risky investments. Money market funds, particularly those attached to brokerage accounts, can be converted at the click of a mouse. If you are vulnerable to sales pitches or impulse buying, you may not want to own money market funds.

Important as it is, the general ledger doesn’t exist in a vacuum, but interacts rather cleverly with other parts of a company’s accounting system. This occurs through a process called posting.

Posting is simply entering into the G/L a summary of posted directly to the general ledger include returns of merchandise, allowances from a supplier for credit, asset acquisitions, asset sales, investor capital contributions, loan drawdowns, and loans. These are called journal entries.

Transactions transactions recorded in the subledgers or journals, with a reference number. We’ll get further into the entire process later.

Some transactions are posted only to the general ledger and not to the subledgers. These transactions tend to be unusual. But proceed with caution. Items that should be entered in subledgers but are simply posted to the general ledger for the sake of convenience can throw the bookkeeping out of whack and unbalance your balance. That’s an error no accounting system can afford.